Hydrogen is a clean energy source as its combustion yields only water and heat. However, as hydrogen prefers to accumulate in the concentrated stress region of metallic materials, a few ppm Hydrogen can already cause the unexpected sudden brittle failure, the so-called “hydrogen embrittlement”. The difficulties in directly tracking hydrogen limits the analysis to post-mortem probes ignoring hydrogen migration before and during testing, leading to debates about the governing mechanisms. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of hydrogen-metal interaction with microstructural features is necessary to prevent hydrogen-introduced damage and further contribute insights into developing hydrogen-resistant materials.
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